Below are some of the best museums offering great opportunities for learning more about history. If you know of a great history museum that’s not on our list yet, please contact us. On-Line: Cold War Museum (currently on-line only) http://www.coldwar.org Historical Museum Guide for the United States -- http://www.censusfinder.com/guide_to_historical_museums.htm . This great resource provides the links to various history museums throughout the US In the Mid-Atlantic region: Newseum, Washington, D.C. -- great museum dedicated to the history of “news” and “the important role it plays in all of our lives” http://www.newseum.org/index.aspx United States Holocaust Museum, Washington, D.C. -- given the subject matter, this museum is best suited for adults and more mature students aged twelve and older. School/docent tours arranged in advance. Educational materials available online as well. Speakers available for classroom via “Speakers Bureau.” Researchers should consult collections and archives of Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies. www.ushmm.org National Museum of American History, Washington, D.C. -- fantastic museum for young and old interested in all aspects of American history. Currently under renovation, the museum is scheduled to reopen sometime during the summer of 2008. http://americanhistory.si.edu [reopens November 21, 2008] National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C. -- wonderful place to learn about native Americans. Offers school tours/educational materials. See website for details: http://www.nmai.si.edu National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C. -- where else can you experience the history of flight by sitting in actual planes or walking through space capsules? Undoubtedly THE BEST PLACE for learning about aviation history. The Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center (located in Chantilly, Virginia, near Dulles Airport) houses additional fascinating exhibits such as the Wright Flyer and the Apollo 11 Command Module. Offers tours and educational materials. See http://www.nasm.si.edu National Women’s History Museum, Washington, D.C. http://www.nmwh.org National Museum of the Marine Corps -- pays tribute to the history of the Marines; about 45 south of Washington, D.C., off I-95, open daily from 9-5 (except on Christmas) www.usmcmuseum.org U.S. National Slavery Museum-- currently under construction and scheduled to open in 2008 in Fredericksburg, Virginia. http://www.usnationalslaverymuseum.org The Black History Museum and Cultural Center of Virginia, Richmond, VA http://www.blackhistorymuseum.org Mount Vernon, Mt. Vernon, Virginia -- home of George Washington, just outside Washington, D.C. www.mountvernon.org Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia -- wonderful 18th century village (the restored capital of “Britain’s largest, wealthiest, and most populous outpost of empire in the New World,” including portrayals by actors of major figures from the era. http://www.history.org The Museum of the Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia -- dedicated to the “display, study, interpretation, commemoration, and preservation of the history and artifacts of the Confederate States Pamplin Historical Park and the National Museum of the Civil War Soldier -- award-winning museum that relates the story of the Petersburg Campaign through re-enactors and demonstrations of military and civilian life during the Civil War; the Park also offers a summer History Day Camp (on site) and Teachers’ Institute (at William and Mary); details @ http://www.pamplinpark.org In the Northeast Region: Minute Man National Historic Park, Lincoln, Massachusetts -- Established by Congress in September 1959, Minute Man NHP honors the opening battle of the American Revolutionary War. Within the park are a visitor center with a multimedia theater, trails for exploring battle routes and period structures. http://www.nps.gov/mima/index.htm Civil War and Underground Railroad Museum, Philadelphia, PA -- the oldest chartered Civil War institution in the U.S. preserves that conflict’s history through its collection of artifacts and written and photographic documents. In 2010 the museum will relocate from its current Pine Street location to a new home at Third and Chestnut Street. Although its doors have closed (August 2nd) to facilitate the move, the museum can be accessed through its website @ http://www.cwurmuseum.org National Constitution Center, Philadelphia, PA -- great interactive museum for students and adults alike (located two blocks from the Liberty Bell and Independence Hall) devoted to “increasing public understanding of, and appreciation for, the Constitution, its history, and its contemporary relevance.” Offers pre-arranged educational tours. Consult website: http://constitutioncenter.org The African American Museum, Philadelphia, PA -- museum chronicles the black Diaspora through art, artifacts, clothing, furniture, instruments, photographs, diaries and other documents. Educational materials/group tours available in advance. http://www.aampmuseum.org National Museum of American Jewish History, Philadelphia, PA-- museum explores the history and experiences of American Jewry from the 1880’s to the present. Educational tours available. For details see http://www.nmajh.org New York Historical Society, New York, NY -- home to New York city’s oldest museum, the society holds four centuries of American history, including artifacts and art documenting US history through the prism of New York City and the state; special exhibit on “Grant and Lee in War and Peace” through March 2009. See https://www.nyhistory.org/web The Anne Frank Center, New York City -- dedicated to the memory of Anne Frank and her experiences during the Holocaust; open to students in grades 2-12 and groups of adults for educational purposes; See http://www.annefrank.com The Jewish Museum, New York, NY -- museum explores 4000 years of Jewish culture through a variety of exhibitions. School programs available for elementary through high school students. See http://www.thejewishmuseum.org for complete details. Old Sturbridge Village, Sturbridge, MA -- open all year round, Old Sturbridge Village depicts what life was like in this New England town in the late eighteenth- and early nineteeth- centuries. Great for students and teachers. Field trips information and online educational materials available from http://www.osv.org Strawbery Banke Museum, Portsmouth, New Hampshire -- interactive museum dedicated to teaching about the history of Portsmouth and its settlers since the 17th century. http://site.mawebcenters.com/strawberybanke/index.html Museum of African-American History, Boston, http://www.afroammuseum.org New England Pirate Museum http://www.piratemuseum.com/ Salem, MA Witch Dungeon Museum http://www.witchdungeon.com/witchdungeon.html Salem, MA -- teaches about the Salem Witch craze of 1692 In the Midwest Region: Illinois Holocaust Museum and Education Center, Skokie, IL -- Opened in April 2009, this museum, located in a northern suburb of Chicago, provides permanent and traveling exhibitions about the Holocaust (and genocide throughout the world) for students, teachers and the general public. It also has a research library with materials accessible for primary through high school students. http://www.ilholocaustmuseum.org/pages/home/1.php Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, IL -- memorable museum containing a variety of interactive experiences from a descent into a coal mine and walking tour of a captured German WWII submarine. Also houses the Apollo 8 Command Module. A must see for adults and students alike. http://www.msichicago.org Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, Springfield, IL -- innovative and interactive museum with “you-are-there” settings “that put you inside dramatic moments in Lincoln’s life” http://www.lincolnlibraryandmuseum.com DuSable Museum of African American History, Chicago http://www.dusablemuseum.org Frazier International History Museum, Louisville, KY -- Where else could you find the “Big Stick” of President Theodore Roosevelt, the bow attributed to Geronimo, the family bible of pioneer Daniel Boone, and the pistols of General Custer? This museum has these and much more, including live performances by costumed interpreters and educational programming for everyone. http://www.fraziermuseum.org/about.asp Henry Ford Museum, Greenfield Village, Dearborn, MI -- museum celebrating the life and times of automobile entrepreneur Henry Ford. This museum offers a variety of experiences for students and adults interested in learning about the history of transportation and its impact on American life. Among the many fascinating artifacts within the village are the Rosa Parks bus and Abraham Lincoln’s chair. A must see. Student tours available. Consult http://www.hfmgv.org Winston Churchill Memorial and Library, Fulton, Missouri -- provides programs and resources commemorating the life and career of Sir Winston Churchill. http://www.churchillmemorial.org In the West: Autry National Center of the American West, Los Angeles, CA: Co-founded by former Western TV star Gene Autry, the museum is devoted to exploring the diverse heritage of the American West. http://www.autrynationalcenter.org The Wing Luke Asian Museum, Seattle, Washington: A Smithsonian Institution affiliate that is the premier pan-Asian American museum in the country. http://www.wingluke.org/home.htm Chinese American Museum, Los Angeles: This museum chronicles the history of Chinese American experience in Southern California. http://www.camla.org In the South: The Holocaust Memorial Resource and Education Center of Florida. http://www.holocaustedu.org The Levine Museum of the New South, Charlotte, North Carolina. Specializes in post-Civil War history. http://www.museumofthenewsouth.org The Southern Museum, Kennesaw, Georgia. Museum dedicated to the Civil War and locomotive History in Kennesaw, Georgia: http://www.southernmuseum.org Museums around the World: Europe The British Museum -- a must see world history museum, should your travels bring you to London; from classical Greece and Rome to Egyptian mummies, to Japanese sculptures and art, this museum is truly a learning experience not to be missed. Explore online @http://www.britishmuseum.org -- admission is free The Museum of London -- a great museum dedicated to the history of the city since Roman times; currently undergoing renovation until 2010 of its lower galleries. See http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English London Transport Museum -- wonderful museum devoted to the history of transportation, including the Tube, automobiles, and buses; located at Covent Garden http://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/default.aspx Jüdisches Museum Berlin -- completed in 2001, this museum explores two millenium of German-Jewish history through photos, texts, arts and artifacts; a must see if you are visiting the German capital http://www.juedisches-museum-berlin.de/site/EN/homepage.php?meta=TRUE Deutsches Historisches Museum (German Historical Museum), Berlin -- great museum that covers German history from before the Middle Ages to the present and contains incredible artifacts and special exhibits (not to be missed) http://www.dhm.de The Anne Frank House -- located on the Prinsengracht (“Prince Canal”) in Amsterdam, the original house in which Anne Frank and family were hidden is a museum open to the public that shouldn’t be missed http://www.channels.nl/amsterdam/annefran.html ; see also the Anne Frank Center http://www.annefrank.com for educational material Australia Australian History Museum -- housed in Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia, the AHM maintains a collection of over 3500 items from Australia’s pre-colonial history until the present; http://www.austhistmuseum.mq.edu.au National Museum of Australia, Canberra -- explores the social history of Australia through its vast collections and exhibits; http://www.nma.gov.au/about_us Australian War Memorial -- located near Canberra, this museum commemorates the deeds of Australian soldiers in various wars; http://www.awm.gov.au New Zealand Auckland Museum -- Established in 1852 in Auckland, this museum offers extensive educational experiences for everyone interested in the history of New Zealand; http://www.aucklandmuseum.com National Army Museum -- dedicated to New Zealand’s contribution in various wars; http://www.armymuseum.co.nz (Waiouru, New Zealand) Military Museums National World War I Museum, Kansas City, Missouri The number of museums devoted to preserving the memories of the two world wars has been steadily increasing over the last couple of decades spurred by the rapidly dwindling ranks of their veterans. Many of these newcomers combine displays of artifacts with interactive exhibits and educational programs. Although these institutions enshrine the exploits of people who are now elderly, they are no longer your grandfather’s (or even father’s) museums. The most recent ambitious addition to these is the National World War One Museum, located in Kansas City, Missouri, which opened its doors to the public on December 2, 2006, and has been designated by Congress as the U.S.’s official World War I museum. But why, if the museum is considered to be a “national” institution, was it built in the Midwest instead of in Washington, D.C.? Why in a city in which hundreds rather than thousands of soldiers died during that conflict, was the idea of a museum conceived? The answer lies with the determination of a group of devoted Kansas City citizens who wished to preserve the memory of those who fought in World War I for future generations. Only two weeks after the Armistice in November 1918, these concerned individuals, calling themselves the Liberty Memorial Association, met to discuss plans for a permanent memorial. In 1919, following a successful fund raising drive that raised $2.5 million in less than two weeks, the association held a competition for architectural firms across the country to compete for the memorial’s design. On November 1, 1921, among the nearly 200,000 people gathered for the dedication of the site for the planned Liberty Memorial, were American General John J. Pershing (a native Missourian), Admiral David Beatty of Great Britain, Marshal Ferdinand Foch of France, General Armando Diaz of Italy, and Lieutenant General Baron Jacques of Belgium. President Calvin Coolidge officially dedicated the newly-constructed Liberty Memorial on Armistice Day, November 11, 1926, with these words: “The memorial also symbolizes the obligation that rests upon present and future generations to preserve that for which those men and women offered their all, and from many of whom supreme sacrifice was accepted. May their memory live on, and may every American who looks upon this noble edifice be inspired by their devotion.” Towering 217 feet above the city, the obelisk-like tower, with stone sphinxes (which represented Memory and the Future) at each side, made a lasting impression, as its founders had intended, upon fellow Kansas Citians. Now, eighty years later, a renovated and substantially expanded museum has opened that is both impressive and awe-inspiring for Kansas City residents and all Americans alike. Designed by Ralph Appelbaum, whose architectural firm handled both the US Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., and the Clinton Presidential Library in Little Rock, Arkansas, the new museum not only offers visitor a chance to view artifacts (weaponry, uniforms) and documents (postcards, letters) but holds a lecture series and educational services as well. Presently, between April and October 2007, a number of prominent historians of the First World War are presenting lectures in a series entitled “The Legacy of the Great War: 90 Years On.” For further details on the new museum and its complete offerings, see http://www.libertymemorialmuseum.org Canadian War Museum explores Canada’s military history and features the experiences of soldiers at the front and civilians at home. The museum’s website http://www.armuseum.ca offers informative material on a variety of military campaigns from the Seven Years War onwards. The museum itself is located in Ottawa, Canada. Historial de la Grande Guerre [The Museum of the Great War], Pėronne, France Located on the Somme River in northwestern France, the Museum of the Great War opened on August 1, 1992, and is housed within the walls of a medieval fortress damaged during the First World War. The Museum, designed by architect Henri-Edouard Ciriani, examines the war -- the battlefield and the homefront -- from a comparative perspective. In addition to its exhibits, the Museum contains a research center which sponsors conferences and lectures, publishes works on the war, and offers fellowships for scholars. An audio guide is available in English, French and German for the permanent exhibition. Contact: www.historial.org Memorial Museum Passchendaele 1917 in Zonnebeke,Belgium Opened in Zonnebeke Chateau on April 25, 2004, this museum honors the fallen of one of the bloodiest battles of the First World War, the Battle of Passchendaele in 1917 (also known as the Third Battle of Ypres), July 31,1917-- November 10, 1917. The British, led by Sir Douglas Haig, believed that they needed to mount a major offensive to relieve pressure on shaky French armies that had not recovered fully from a series of mutinies. Moreover, despite all evidence to the contrary, Haig believed a decisive breakthrough was imminent in Flanders if only the Allied troops would persevere. But even by the wretched standards of the western front, the experience of soldiers at Passchendaele was horrific. The tremendous bombardment of German lines that preceded the Allied attack not only eliminated any element of surprise, it also churned up the soil and destroyed canals intended for drainage. When exceptionally heavy autumn rains fell, the entire battlefield became one vast, dangerous morass. Many unfortunate soldiers drowned in flooded shell craters, and others were trapped in paralyzing mud. When the campaign finally dragged to a halt, the Allies had made a few modest gains, but at the cost of over 300,000 casualties. The Belgian village around which the battles raged has thus become a synonym for the horrors of trench warfare. The museum itself is about four miles from the famous town of Ypres, and two miles from the largest British/Commonwealth cemetery (with over 12,000 graves), Tyne Cot Cemetery. Highlights of the museum include reconstructions of a trench and of a 20-foot deep dugout (many original dugouts from the campaign still survive but are too dangerous to explore). Further information can be found at: http://www.passchendaele.be OTHER WWI MUSEUMS OF INTEREST: www.inflandersfield.be [Flanders Field Museum] www.greatwarflyingmuseum.com [Caledon, Ontario, Canada] -- open May through October; WWI artifacts and aircraft shows * http://www.iwm.org.uk [Imperial War Museum, London] -- Established in 1920 to collect and exhibit material relating to the First World War, the Imperial War Museum can rightly describe itself as Britain’s “national museum of twentieth-century conflict.” Its extensive collections provide a fascinating written, aural and visual record of modern warfare, and include photographs, drawings, prints, paintings, and films, in addition to the artifacts such as weapons or uniforms familiar to museum visitors. Initially housed in cramped conditions in South Kensington, the museum moved in 1936 to its current location on Lambeth Road, not far from Waterloo Station. Over the past years, several other locations have come officially under the IWM’s umbrella: a northern branch in Trafford, the underground Cabinet War Rooms in Whitehall, the Duxford Airfield in Cambridgeshire, and the World War II cruiser, H.M.S. Belfast, moored in the River Thames. http://www.awm.gov.au [Australian War Memorial] The Australian War Memorial was the brainchild of two men: C.W.E. Bean, the official war historian of Australian military operations in World War I who accompanied the troops to Gallipoli in 1915 and elsewhere, and John Treloar, the head of the Australian War Records Section in London who was charged with collecting memorabilia and other relevant materials. An initial exhibition opened in 1923, but the museum did not find a permanent home until the completion of its current building in Canberra in 1941. By then it was necessary to begin collecting materials for yet another world war, and, like London’s Imperial War Museum, the Australian War Memorial has become a repository of record for the nation’s conflicts throughout the twentieth century. Its stated aim is not to glorify war or exult in victory, but to honor and commemorate the sacrifices made by every member of Australia’s armed services. WORLD WAR II MUSEUMS: National World War II Museum Although the official WWII memorial is located in Washington, D.C., the National World War II Museum resides in New Orleans, Louisiana. Founded in 1991 by the late Stephen Ambrose and officially dedicated in June 2000, the National World War II Museum contains permanent exhibits relating to the D-Day preparations and subsequent invasion as well as special displays pertaining to the war in general. The Museum’s site of New Orleans was chosen to honor Andrew Higgins, who was responsible for building the landing craft used in the amphibious invasions in Normandy. More information on the museum can be found at http:// www.nationalww2museum.org. The museum also hosts an annual conference on WWII (see “Forthcoming History Conferences” on our website for details). Museum of World War II Located in Natick, Massachusetts, just west of Boston, the Museum of WWII boasts the “most comprehensive display of original World War II artifacts on exhibit anywhere in the world.” Its collection includes wartime letters, documents (Hitler’s draft of the Munich agreement; the first message alerting the military to the Pearl Harbor attack) and manuscripts belonging to soldiers, citizens on the homefront, concentration camp inmates and important wartime figures, among these Roosevelt, Churchill, and Hitler. There are also plenty of interesting artifacts, including items having belonged to Hitler, a collection of Enigma code machines, and other materials used in the daily lives of soldiers and citizens. An on-site archive contains a collection of photographs, prisoners of war diaries, propaganda leaflets, and war plans. http://museumofworldwarii.com Central Florida World War II Museum This museum is still in the planning stages but hopes to find a suitable location between Tampa and Orlando to display collected WWII artifacts. See http://cfloridaww2museum.org for details. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum A must see museum located in Washington, D.C. near the Tidal Basin on Raul Wallenberg Place, S.W. In 1979, the President’s Commission on the Holocaust urged the construction of a living memorial to its victims and survivors. The result was the USHMM, built between July 1989 and April 1993. Since its dedication in 1993, the Museum has welcomed millions of people from all over the world interested in learning about the Nazi persecution, the concentration camps and its millions of victims. The Museum contains a vast array of artifacts and permanent and temporary exhibits, a research library and archive, and offers public lectures and conferences. Timed passes are required for visiting the museum’s permanent collections, although none are required for special exhibitions or the Wexner Learning Center with its interactive material on the crisis in Darfur. Please visit http://www.ushmm.org for complete details. http://www.coldwar.orghttp://www.coldwar.orghttp://www.censusfinder.com/guide_to_historical_museums.htmhttp://www.censusfinder.com/guide_to_historical_museums.htmhttp://www.newseum.org/index.aspxhttp://www.ushmm.orghttp://americanhistory.si.eduhttp://www.nmai.si.eduhttp://www.nmai.si.eduhttp://www.nasm.si.eduhttp://www.nmwh.orghttp://www.nmwh.orghttp://www.usmcmuseum.orghttp://www.usnationalslaverymuseum.orghttp://www.blackhistorymuseum.orghttp://www.mountvernon.orghttp://www.history.orghttp://www.history.orghttp://www.pamplinpark.orghttp://www.pamplinpark.orghttp://www.nps.gov/mima/index.htmhttp://www.nps.gov/mima/index.htmhttp://www.cwurmuseum.orghttp://constitutioncenter.orghttp://constitutioncenter.orghttp://www.aampmuseum.orghttp://www.nmajh.orghttps://www.nyhistory.org/webhttp://www.annefrank.comhttp://www.thejewishhttp://www.osv.orghttp://site.mawebcenters.com/strawberybanke/index.htmlhttp://site.mawebcenters.com/strawberybanke/index.htmlhttp://www.afroammuseum.orghttp://www.afroammuseum.orghttp://www.piratemuseum.comhttp://www.witchdungeon.com/witchdungeon.htmlhttp://www.witchdungeon.com/witchdungeon.htmlhttp://www.ilholocaustmuseum.org/pages/home/1.phphttp://www.msichicago.orghttp://www.msichicago.orghttp://www.lincolnlibraryandmuseum.comhttp://www.dusablemuseum.orghttp://www.dusablemuseum.orghttp://www.fraziermuseum.org/about.asphttp://www.hfmgv.orghttp://www.churchillmemorial.orghttp://www.churchillmemorial.orghttp://www.autrynationalcenter.orghttp://www.wingluke.org/home.htmhttp://www.wingluke.org/home.htmhttp://www.camla.orghttp://www.holocaustedu.org/exhibits/index.htmhttp://www.museumofthenewsouth.orghttp://www.museumofthenewsouth.orghttp://www.southernmuseum.orghttp://www.britishmuseum.orghttp://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/Englishhttp://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/default.aspxhttp://www.juedisches-museum-berlin.de/site/EN/homepage.php?meta=TRUEhttp://www.juedisches-museum-berlin.de/site/EN/homepage.php?meta=TRUEhttp://www.dhm.dehttp://www.channels.nl/amsterdam/annefran.htmlhttp://www.channels.nl/amsterdam/annefran.htmlhttp://www.annefrank.comhttp://www.austhistmuseum.mq.edu.auhttp://www.austhistmuseum.mq.edu.auhttp://www.nma.gov.au/about_ushttp://www.awm.gov.auhttp://www.aucklandmuseum.comhttp://www.armymuseum.co.nzhttp://www.libertymemorialmuseum.orghttp://www.libertymemorialmuseum.orghttp://www.armuseum.cahttp://www.historial.orghttp://www.passchendaele.behttp://www.passchendaele.behttp://www.inflandersfield.behttp://www.greatwarflyingmuseum.comhttp://www.iwm.org.ukhttp://www.awm.gov.auhttp://www.nationalww2museum.orghttp://museumofworldwarii.comhttp://museumofworldwarii.comhttp://cfloridaww2museum.orghttp://www.ushmm.orgshapeimage_2_link_0shapeimage_2_link_1shapeimage_2_link_2shapeimage_2_link_3shapeimage_2_link_4shapeimage_2_link_5shapeimage_2_link_6shapeimage_2_link_7shapeimage_2_link_8shapeimage_2_link_9shapeimage_2_link_10shapeimage_2_link_11shapeimage_2_link_12shapeimage_2_link_13shapeimage_2_link_14shapeimage_2_link_15shapeimage_2_link_16shapeimage_2_link_17shapeimage_2_link_18shapeimage_2_link_19shapeimage_2_link_20shapeimage_2_link_21shapeimage_2_link_22shapeimage_2_link_23shapeimage_2_link_24shapeimage_2_link_25shapeimage_2_link_26shapeimage_2_link_27shapeimage_2_link_28shapeimage_2_link_29shapeimage_2_link_30shapeimage_2_link_31shapeimage_2_link_32shapeimage_2_link_33shapeimage_2_link_34shapeimage_2_link_35shapeimage_2_link_36shapeimage_2_link_37shapeimage_2_link_38shapeimage_2_link_39shapeimage_2_link_40shapeimage_2_link_41shapeimage_2_link_42shapeimage_2_link_43shapeimage_2_link_44shapeimage_2_link_45shapeimage_2_link_46shapeimage_2_link_47shapeimage_2_link_48shapeimage_2_link_49shapeimage_2_link_50shapeimage_2_link_51shapeimage_2_link_52shapeimage_2_link_53shapeimage_2_link_54shapeimage_2_link_55shapeimage_2_link_56shapeimage_2_link_57shapeimage_2_link_58shapeimage_2_link_59shapeimage_2_link_60shapeimage_2_link_61shapeimage_2_link_62shapeimage_2_link_63shapeimage_2_link_64shapeimage_2_link_65shapeimage_2_link_66shapeimage_2_link_67shapeimage_2_link_68shapeimage_2_link_69shapeimage_2_link_70shapeimage_2_link_71shapeimage_2_link_72shapeimage_2_link_73shapeimage_2_link_74shapeimage_2_link_75shapeimage_2_link_76shapeimage_2_link_77shapeimage_2_link_78shapeimage_2_link_79shapeimage_2_link_80shapeimage_2_link_81shapeimage_2_link_82shapeimage_2_link_83shapeimage_2_link_84shapeimage_2_link_85