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medievally speaking: medievalism in review
![WHAT IS MEDIEVALISM?
The following citations from scholarship on the subject of "Medievalism" exemplify the interdisciplinary scope and contested nature of the field:
"[Medievalism is] the study of the Middle Ages, the application of medieval models to contemporary needs, and the inspiration of the Middle Ages in all forms of art and thought."
Leslie J. Workman, "Editorial," Studies in Medievalism III/1 (1987), 1.
"[M]edievalism, in origin and for the first hundred years, was an English movement. [...] In the early twentieth century, medievalism was virtually driven off the field by two things: primarily the First World War, which overwhelmingly discredited the whole ethos of 'chivalry' to which ruling classes across Europe had committed themselves; and secondly by Romanticism, a process which I have described in my article, 'Medievalism and Romanticism'.
Leslie J. Workman, "Speaking of Medievalism: An Interview with Leslie J. Workman," Medievalism in the Modern World. Essays in Honour of Leslie J. Workman, ed. Richard Utz and Tom Shippey (Turnhout: Brepols, 1998), pp. 439-40.
"Twain, Adams, Fitzgerald, and Hemingway repeatedly grapple – consciously or unconsciously, textually or subtextually – with various questions: What is the relationship between modern America and the Middle Ages? Did the Middle Ages offer a mythic golden past to which America could link itself, its abrupt beginnings in the seventeenth-century American wilderness too stark for imaginative nourishment later in its history? What is the relationship between dreaming the Middle Ages and the American Dream? Do the childlike qualities attributed to the Middle Ages bear a particular relevance to this youthful nation? Do the social and martial conventions of courtly love and chivalry offer a guide – or perhaps a reproach – to an America whose vaunted freedom renders it particularly vulnerable to abrupt changes, technological disruptions, and social upheavals? What lessons does the figure of the medieval knight have to teach nineteenth- and twentieth-century male writers and the culture in general?"
Kim Moreland, The Medievalist Impulse in American Literature: Twain, Adams, Fitzgerald, Hemingway (Charlottsville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 1996), pp. 26-27.
"In posing the relation of the terms medievalism and Romanticism, the estranged or violently obscured past of the first is balanced by the second’s implication of Jacobin hopes for a utopian future. But ‘Romanticism’ is a Janus-faced movement, always looking back even as it looks forward, anachronistically replaying and revising history even as it proleptically installs a modernity we now recognize. And the look back, always in order to look forward, can stem from conservative impulses as well as radical ones."
Elizabeth Fay, Romantic Medievalism. History and the Romantic Literary Ideal (Houndsmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002), p. 1.
“L’important ne me paraît pas de parfaire, sur tel ou tel point, une réhabilitation de ce ‘Moyen Âge’, et pas plus évoquer, part choix personnel, une sorte d’âge d’or où tout aurait été d’une autre qualité himaine dans uns société plus sereine. Mais bien d’affirmer que ce Moyen Âge, en réalité, n’a pas existé; qu’ils s’agit d’une notion abstraite forgeé à dessein, pour différentes commodités our raison, à laquelle a été sciemment applicqué cette sorte d’opprobe.”
Jacques Heeers, Le Moyen Âge, Une Imposture (Paris: Perrin, 1992), pp. 17-18.
"There are two ways that medieval studies can be didactically justified as of central and consistent importance in education and culture. First, we can say the medieval heritage is very rich today in a prominent set of ideas and institutions, such as the Catholic Church, the university, Anglo-American law, parliamentary government, romantic love, heroism, just war, the spiritual capacity of little as well as elite people, and the cherishing of classical literatures and languages. That this heritage ought to be consciously identified, cultivated, and refined is commonly asserted. Secondly, we can say less conventionally that medievalism civilization stands toward our postmodern culture as the conjunctive other, the intriguing shadow, the marginally distinctive double, the secret sharer of our dreams and anxieties. This view means that the Middle Ages are much like our culture of today, but exhibit just enough variations to disturb us and force us to question some of our values and behavior patterns and to propose some alternatives or at least modifications. The difference is relatively small, but all the more provocative for that."
Norman Cantor, Inventing the Middle Ages (New York: Morrow, 1991), p. 47.
"Four distinct models of medieval reception can be determined:
(1) The productive, i.e., creative reception of the Middle Ages: subject matter, works, themes, and even medievalism authors are creatively re-formed into a new work;
(2) The reproductive reception of the Middle Ages: the original form of medieval works is reconstructed in a manner viewed as 'authentic,' as in musical productions or renovations (for example, paintings and monuments).
(3) The academic reception of the Middle Ages: medieval authors, works, events, etc., are investigated and interpreted according to the critical methods that are unique to each respective academic discipline;
(4) The political-ideological reception of the Middle Ages: medieval works, themes, 'ideas' or persons are used and 'reworked' for political purposes in the broadest sense, e.g., for legitimization or for debunking (in this regard, one need only recall the concept 'crusade' and the ideology associated with it)."
Francis G. Gentry and Ulrich Müller, "The Reception of the Middle Ages in Germany: An Overview," Studies in Medievalism III/4 (Spring 1991), p. 401.
"Medieval philology is the mourning for a text, the patient labor of this mourning. It is the quest for an anterior perfection that is always bygone, that unique moment in which the presumed voice of the author was linked to the hand of the first scribe, dictating the authentic, first, and original version, which will disintegrate in the hands of all the numerous, careless individuals copying a literature in the vernacular. [...] Philology is a bourgeois, paternalist, and hygienist system of thought about the family; it cherishes filiation, tracks down adulterers, and is afraid of contamination. It is thought based on what is wrong (the variant being a form of deviant behavior), and it is the basis for a positive methodology.
Bernard Cerquiglini, In Praise of the Variant, trans. Betsy Wing (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), pp. 34 and 49.
"In what ways can the study of the Middle Ages teach us to historicize the field of critical theory? Which is another way of asking: to what extent do our own strategies and desires determine the questions we pose and the answers we give? We cannot escape the obligation to clarify our own agendas. We can do so only by recognizing the degree to which the inquiring subject stands in a compromising position: on the one hand, involved in an enterprise that, since the Renaissance, has assumed the disinterestedness of knowledge, the objectivity of philological science: on the other, participating as a socially contextualized being in a network of predetermined subjectivities such as sex, social position, or ethnic origin."
R. Howard Bloch and Stephen G. Nichols, "Introduction," Medievalism and the Modernist Temper, ed. R. Howard Bloch and Stephen G. Nichols (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p.5.
"The belief that the skills of a discipline are neutral methods rather than complex systems of representation encourages the illusion that disciplines, which are skill-centered, are themselves different; the belief also devalues the skills. It has been my aim to show that the skills of traditional medieval scholarship -- the essence of the tradition now confronted by innovation -- are not timeless, transhistorical, and unchanging. Rather, they are the products of the ages in which they were devised and are personal as well as professional ways of speaking; contemporary criticism, likewise, is not only a new collection of critical languages but also a new group of persons speaking languages of their own. The traditional skills of our disciplines, which are the means of maintaining discipline, cannot be dispensed with; nor can the history of the scholarly disciplines that they have shaped be ignored. The skills must be renewed and the history must be deconstructed or 'dismantled' to enable 'a more intimate kind of knowing' in which we find another way of knowing ourselves and our predecessors, and of speaking their languages, as well as our own, in the conversation through which we know the Middle Ages."
Allen J. Frantzen, "Prologue: Documents and Monuments: Difference and Interdisciplinarity in the Study of medievalism Culture," Speaking Two Languages: Traditional Disciplines and Contemporary Theory in Medieval Studies, ed. Allen J. Frantzen (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1991), p. 32-33.
"What, then, does New Medievalism mean? I will offer you two versions. First, it means study of the Middle Ages in the light of what literary scholars call, by ellipsis, 'theory' -- that is, the literary and cultural theories associated with thinkers such as Derrida and Michel Foucault. [...] More specifically, New Medievalism means Postmodern Medievalism, study of the Middle Ages from a consciously held postmodern perspective, a point of view which distinguishes itself from modernity, or what I have proposed to call the Long Renaissance."
William D. Paden, "'New Medievalism' and 'Medievalism'," The Year's Work in Medievalism X (1995), 232-33.
"The Middle Ages are virtually unique among major periods or areas of historical study in being entirely the creation of scholars. Since the term 'Middle Ages' in one of its many forms was first coined by Italian humanists, successive cultural revolutions down to and the including the advent of Romanticism at the end of the eighteenth century found it desirable to adopt and enlarge the term for their own proposes. It is axiomatic that every generation has to write its own history of the past, and this is especially true in the case of the Middle Ages. It follows that medievalism, the study of this process, is a necessary part of the study of the Middle Ages. [...]
[M]edievalism, being concerned with process rather than product, is a particularly fruitful area of several forms of postmodern criticism. Since the establishment of Studies in Medievalism, other forms of medievalism, particularly critical approaches, have emerged -- in Germany, Mittelalter-Rezeption, which takes its name and inspiration from the reception theory of Hans Robert Jauss, and in the United States a new approach to the Middle Ages inspired by Paul Zumthor, whose Parler du Moyen Age (1980), appeared in this country in 1986 as Speaking of the Middle Ages, with an introduction by Eugene Vance.
Leslie J. Workman, "Medievalism," The Year's Work in Medievalism X (1995), 227.
"Das Mittelalter hat Konjunktur, in Deutschland wie in anderen Ländern, deren Zivilisation der abendländischen Tradition verpflichtet ist. [...] Wer die Arbeit der verschiedenen Disziplinen mustert, kann den Eindruck gewinnen, daß die Hinterlassenschaft des Mittelalters seit den Anfängen der Mediävistik in der ersten Hälfte Des 19. Jahrhunderts nicht mehr mit der Intensität umgewendet und befragt worden ist wie heute. Zwei Denkfiguren bestimmen die Struktur der Fragestellungen: Alterität und Kontinuität."
Joachim Heinzle, "Einleitung: Modernes Mittelalter," Modernes Mittelalter. Neue Bilder einer populären Epoche, ed. Joachim Heinzle (Frankfurt a.M.: Insel, 1994), pp. 9-10.
"The Methods used to establish medieval studies as an academic discipline in the nineteenth century are well known and can be summarized as follows. In order to separate and elevate themselves from popular studies of medieval culture, the new academic medievalists of the nineteenth century designated their practices, influenced by positivism, as scientific and eschewed what they regarded as less-positivist, 'nonscientific' practices, labeling them medievalism. They isolated medieval artifacts from complex historical sediments and studied them as if they were fossils."
Kathleen Biddick, The Shock of Medievalism (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998), pp. 1-2.
“A new interest in medieval things surfaced in England in the 1760s and with it a revival of medieval forms, manifest in literature and in architecture. At first this modern medievalism was experimental and uncertain. A more serious attitude to the medieval past developed during the long war with Revolutionary and Napoleonic France. This longer historical perspective altered the ways in which the English came to think of the evolution of their society and its political arrangements. In the 1830s this Medieval Revival affected religion, and produced major changes in architecture, and then painting and the decorative arts. The country’s idea of its history, and of its identity, changed.” Michael Alexander, Medievalism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), xii.
“What, to begin with, is the nature of the signifying field in which medievalist historiography, as a mode of sublimation, takes place? I use the term 'sublimation' to refer to the problem addressed by Freud of how the creation of art and other forms of cultural 'achievement' may be understood in relation to desire. The movie Babe will help us to an initial sketch of what is at stake in the relation of the signifier to desire and memory.
Babe is, first of all, a film with a recognizably medievalist agenda. It celebrates love between master and servant (these days, animals have to stand in for the peasants), and rural life as the scene in which such love might be rediscovered. It expresses distaste for technology, focused especially on communications in the form of a Fax machine, but also recuperates the Fax, as well as discipline, training, technique. These figures recall the master tropes of anti-utilitarian medievalism in the nineteenth century. So does the film's insistent association of meaningless speech with commercialism and disbelief in the remarkable, and its association of meaningful speech with Babe's taciturn but loving farmer--a man behind the times who nonetheless is able to succeed because he recognizes the distinctive gifts of his animals, even when they want to do the work of the 'other' (even, that is, when the pig Babe wants to do the work of a sheep dog."
Louise Fradenburg, "'So That We May Speak of Them': Enjoying the Middle Ages," New Literary History 28.2 (1997) 205-30.
"Studies we might define under the heading of medievalism, where we examine representation of the medieval or definitions of the medieval, suffer from just such a circuit, an illness of causality one might say, as we seek to consider the effects of a particular image of the medieval and its causes, whether historical, aesthetic, or even cosmological. But medievalism offers a potentially more powerful theoretical position tha[n] that of the New Historicism in that medievalism is not about defining a particular truth about the Middle Ages, but rather about defining the truth of a Middle Ages, a point of impasse that is the subject of representation across periods, media, genres, and theories. Medievalism acknowledges the fictional structure of history, going beyond simple historical understandings, to focus instead on a mythic structure that ties us to history."
Richard Glejzer, "Medievalism and New Historicism," The Year's Work in Medievalism X (1995), 220-21.
“By exposing the historical contingency of our scholarly conventions, such research, which has become increasingly widespread, clears the way for us to be reconsider, and in same cases even adopts, those practices that have come to be regarded as the province of non- or pre-professional medievalism. Through its examination of the many ways in which medieval scholarship has been instrumentalized for political and ideological ends, this wok has also been able to show that scholarly bias was never fully expunged from medieval studies, even when the field was most apparently hostile to it in the name of disinterested scholarship.”
Louise D’Arcens and Juanita Feros Ruys, “Introduction,” Maistresse of My Wit. Medieval Women, Modern Scholars, ed. Louise D’Arcens and Juanita Feros Ruys (Turnhout: Brepols, 2004), p. 7-8.
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INTRODUCTORY BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following, continually updated titles are meant as a first introduction to some of the joyously interdisciplinary character of studies in medievalism. For additional titles, please consult the Tables of Contents for Studies in Medievalism and The Year's Work in Medievalism, and Richard Utz and Aneta Dygon, “Medievalism and Literature: An Annotated Bibliography of Critical Studies,” Perspicuitas (on-line: 10/17/02).
Alexander, Michael, Medievalism: The Middle Ages in Modern England (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007).
Aurell, Jaume, “El Nuevo Medievalismo y la Interpretación de los Textos Históricas,” Hispania. Revista Española de Historia 66 (2006), 809-32.
Barnes, Geraldine, "The Norse Discovery of America and the American Discovery of Norse (1828-1892)," Studies in Medievalism XI (2001), 167-88.
Biddick, Kathleen, The Shock of Medievalism (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998).
Bloch, R. Howard, and Stephen G. Nichols, eds., Medievalism and the Modernist Temper (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).
Brownlee, Marina S., Kevin Brownlee, and Stephen G. Nichols, eds., The New Medievalism (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991).
Camille, Michael, "Philological Iconoclasm: Edition and Image in the Vie de Saint Alexis," Medievalism and the Modernist Temper, ed. R. Howard Bloch and Stephen G. Nichols (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 371-401.
Cantor, Norman F. Inventing the Middle Ages. The Lives, Works, and Ideas of the Great Medievalists of the Twentieth Century (New York: Morrow, 1991).
D'Arcens,Louise, "From Holy War to Border Skirmish: The Colonial Chivalry of Sydney's First Professors," Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 30:3 (2000), 519-45
De Prospo, R. C., "The Patronage of Medievalism in Modern American Historiography," Medievalism in American Culture: Special Studies, ed. Bernard Rosenthal and Paul E. Szarmach (Binghamton, NY: SUNY Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, 1984), pp. 1-15.
Fleischmann, Suzanne, "Methodologies and Ideologies in Historical Grammar: A Case Study from Old French," Medievalism and the Modernist Temper, ed. R. Howard Bloch and Stephen G. Nichols (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 402-37.
Frantzen, Allen J. Desire For Origins. New Language, Old English, and Teaching the Tradition (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1990).
---, ed., Speaking Two Languages. Traditional Disciplines and Contemporary Theory in Medieval Studies (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1991).
Gentry, Francis G., and Ulrich Müller, "The Reception of the Middle Ages in Germany: An Overview," Studies in Medievalism III/4 (Spring 1991), 399-422.
Girouard, Mark. Return to Camelot: Chivalry and the English Gentleman (London: ????, 1981).
Gleijzer, Richard, "Medievalism with New Historicism: A Question of Doctrine," The Year's Work in Medievalism X (1995), 215-27.
Greetham, David, "Romancing the Text, Medievalizing the Book," Medievalism in the Modern World. Essays in Honour of Leslie J. Workman, ed. Richard Utz and Tom Shippey (Turnhout: Brepols, 1998), pp. 409-31.
Hamos, Andrea, "The Middle Ages and Modern Oral Traditions: The Case of Spanish Biblical Ballads," The Year's Work in Medievalism X (1995), 135-42.
Heinzle, Joachim, ed., Modernes Mittelalter. Neue Bilder einer populären Epoche (Frankfurt a.M.: Insel, 1994).
Horka-Follick, Lorayne Ann, Los Hermanos Penitentes; a vestige of medievalism in Southwestern United States (Los Angeles, Westernlore Press, 1969).
Jauss, Hans Robert, Alterität und Modernität in der mittelalterlichen Literatur (Munich: Fink, 1977).
Leupin, Alexandre, "The Middle Ages, The Other," Diacritics (Fall 1983), 22-31.
Linton, Ruth C., "The Glory of the Gothic: Interior Decor and the Gothic Revival," Medievalism in American Culture: Special Studies, ed. Bernard Rosenthal and Paul E. Szarmach (Binghamton, NY: SUNY Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, 1984), pp. 65-87.
Mancoff, Debra N., The Return of King Arthur: The Legend Through Victorian Eyes (New York: ????, 1995).
Matthews, David, The Making of Middle English, 1765-1910 (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1999).
Morgan, Gwendolyn, "Gnosticism, The Middle Ages, and the Search for Responsibility: Immortals in Popular Fiction," Medievalism in the Modern World. Essays in Honour of Leslie J. Workman, ed. Richard Utz and Tom Shippey (Turnhout: Brepols, 1998), pp. 317-27.
Mulryan, John, ed. Milton and the Middle Ages. London and Toronto: Associated University Presses, 1982.
Paden, William D. "Reconstructing the Middle Ages: The Monk's Sermon in The Seventh Seal," Medievalism in the Modern World. Essays in Honour of Leslie J. Workman, ed. Richard Utz and Tom Shippey (Turnhout: Brepols, 1998), pp. 289-305.
---, ed., The Future of the Middle Ages. Medieval Literature in the 1990s (Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 1994).
Patterson, Lee, "On the Margin: Postmodernism, Ironic History, and Medieval Studies," Speculum (1990), 87-108.
Petersen, Nils Holger, "'In Rama Sonat Gemitus...' The Becket Story in a Danish Medievalist Music Drama, A Vigil for Thomas Becket," Medievalism in the Modern World. Essays in Honour of Leslie J. Workman, ed. Richard Utz and Tom Shippey (Turnhout: Brepols, 1998), pp. 341-58.
Richter, David H., "From Medievalism to Historicism: Representations of History in the Gothic Novel and Historical Romance," Studies in Medievalism 4 (1992), 79-104.
Rosenthal, Bernard, "Medievalism and the Salem Witch Trials," Medievalism in the Modern World. Essays in Honour of Leslie J. Workman, ed. Richard Utz and Tom Shippey (Turnhout: Brepols, 1998), pp. 61-68.
Sears, Theresa Ann, "Medievalism and the Construction of Authority in Conquest Narratives," Medievalism in the Modern World. Essays in Honour of Leslie J. Workman, ed. Richard Utz and Tom Shippey (Turnhout: Brepols, 1998), pp. 15-26.
Stock, Brian, "The Middle Ages as Subject and Object: Romantic Attitudes and Academic Medievalism," New Literary History 5 (1974), 527-47.
Trigg,Stephanie, "The Traffic in Medieval Women: Alice Perrers, Feminist Criticism and Piers Plowman," Yearbook of Langland Studies 12 (1998), 5-29.
Utz, Richard J., "Resistance to the (New) Medievalism? Comparative Deliberations on (National) Philology, Mediävalismus, and Mittelalter-Rezeption in Germany and North America," The Future of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, ed. Roger Dahood (Turnhout: Brepols, 1998), pp. 151-70.
Utz, Richard, and Tom Shippey, eds.,Medievalism in the Modern World. Essays in Honour of Leslie J. Workman (Turnhout: Brepols, 1998).
Van Engen, John, ed., The Past and Future of Medieval Studies (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1994).
Verduin, Kathleen, "Medievalism, Classicism, and the Fiction of E. M. Forster," Medievalism in the Modern World. Essays in Honour of Leslie J. Workman, ed. Richard Utz and Tom Shippey (Turnhout: Brepols, 1998), pp. 264-86.
Watson, Steve, "Touring the Medieval: Tourism, Heritage and Medievalism in Northumbria," Studies in Medievalism XI (2001), 239-61.
Workman, Leslie J., "Medievalism," The Arthurian Encyclopedia, ed. Norris J. Lacy (New York: Garland, 1985), pp. 387-91.
Zumthor, Paul, Speaking of the Middle Ages (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1986).
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THE ANNUAL CONFERENCE
The International Annual Conference on Medievalism (until 1993 called General Conference on Medievalism) began with two meetings at the University of Notre Dame (1986 and 1987). Subsequent conferences were organized through the Newberry Library and Northeastern Illinois University (1988), the United States Military Academy (1989), Castle Kaprun, Austria, (jointly with the 5th Symposium on Mittelalter-Rezeption, 1990), the University of Delaware (1991), the University of South Florida (1992), the University of Leeds, England (1993), Montana State University (1994), the Higgins Armory Museum, Worcester, Massachusetts (1995), Kalamazoo College (1996), Canterbury Christ Church College, Canterbury, England (1997), Rochester, New York (1998), Montana State University (1999), Hope College, Michigan (2000), Buffalo State College, Buffalo, New York (2001), the University of Northern Iowa (2002), St. Louis University (2003), the University of New Brunswick (2004), Towson University (2005), Ohio State University (2006), Western Ontario University (2007), Wesleyan College, Macon, GA (2008), Siena College, Loudonville, NY (2009), and the University of Groningen, Netherlands (2010).
Since 1999, Dr. Gwendolyn Morgan (Montana State University) has served as Director of Conferences for the International Annual Conference as well as for conference sections at the Kalamazoo and Leeds medieval congresses. Conference proceedings, including papers from the International Annual Conference and the annual Kalamazoo and Leeds sections, have been published in The Year's Work in Medievalism.
If interested in attending or hosting the Annual Conference, please see HERE.
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